Engineering IT maintains a computer system in the Garage at 120 Dunham Lab comprised of Dell and HP Intel based computers, a variety of peripheral devices, and several on-line data sets. The purpose of this computing facility is to provide convenient and inexpensive computation, word processing, and communications to members of the department and community.
The main Linux machine running the cluster is an HP Netserver LC3 server called jove. It has a 400Mhz Pentium III processors, 128 megabytes of RAM and a 32 gigabtye RAID. The job of this server, jove, is to run the other linux machines in the department and you should never log into it.
The remaining 11 Linux machines vary from 300-800 Mhz, 128-256 megabytes of RAM and 4-9 gigabyte hard disks. You can visit the network monitoring web page at: http://jove.eng.yale.edu/bb for a complete list of host names.
Linux, like other UNIX operating systems, has the networking of file systems "built" into it. Every UNIX system has one file system or directory structure. If you would like to share your data with another system, you simply export that file system or directory structure. As you might imagine, there is also an import procedure for obtaining other system's data. This is known as the NFS or Network File System, which is the system administrators concern for the most part.
Currently jove, the departmental server, is exporting several filesystems to the other Linux machines in EIT. Everyone's home directory and datasets are physically located on jove, then mounted on the other machines. This has several advantages. You are then assured that you have all the same files regardless of which machine you use. The installation and upgrade of software packages only needs to be done in one place.
If you are using a machine outside the department and wish to connect into one of the departmental machines, you should use Secure Shell or ssh. If you are using a UNIX system, you simply type ssh -l NetID eithostname, where NetID is your login name and eithostname is the name of one of the hosts in EIT. If you are connecting from a MAC or PC that is already on the InterNET, you can download SSH Windows Client and install it on you PC to connect directly to EIT. You can download SSH Windows client from: ftp://ftp.wss.yale.edu/pub/POWER_TOOLS/SSH/Windows/SSHWin-2.4.0-pl2.exe.
For home systems you'll need to have a modem and sign up for a PPP account at the Pantheon. The sign up for a PPP account, you can visit User Accounts at 221 Whitney Ave. You can also visit them online at: http://www.yale.edu/acct Once you have a PPP account, you can dial into Yale. Once dialed into Yale your home system will be on the InterNET and you can use one of the options listed in the above paragraph.
If you use the df command you should see something similar to this.
Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda1 8483336 1923364 6129032 24% / jove:/usr/local 7566400 3218892 3963156 45% /usr/local jove:/home 29735432 2445273 25731454 9% /homeThe Filesystem column is where the filesystem physically resides. In this case there is only one local filesystem /dev/sda1. All the other filesystems are on the department server, jove.
The 1k-blocks column is the total size of the filesystem in 1-blocks. In this case /dev/sda1 is roughly a 2 gigabyte filesystem.
The Used column is the number of 1k-blocks occupied by files.
The Available column is the number of 1k-blocks still available or free to place files into.
The Used% column is the percentage of used files out of the total disk space available.
The Mounted on column is where the physical filesystem is mounted on. In this case the remote file system jove:/home is mounted on /home.
Home directories are under the /home filesystem.
The KDE Window Manager is similar to Microsoft Windows. The "K" in the lower left hand corner has a pop up menu, much like the "Start" button in Windows has. There is also a Task Bar along the top of the screen and applications along the bottom. If you place the mouse above one of the application icons at the bottom of the screen, you see what the application is. Some of these may be of use to you: FileManager, KDE Control Center, Utilities, Help, Calculator, Notepad and Terminal. These options are also accessible by clicking on the "K" and looking at all the options. You also have four Desktops with KDE. You can access the different Desktops by clicking on the One, Two, Three and Four buttons at the bottom of the window.
You can learn more about KDE by visiting http://www.kde.org/.
There are two main editors available through KDE: kwrite and kedit.
kwrite is known as the advanced editor. It has lots of options with color, indenting and application specific tags. For example, kwrite knows about the following languages: C, C++, HTML and PERL. It will automatically indent and color code your source file for you for easier reading. You can also customize kwrite to learn about other languages. To start kwrite you can either simply type kwrite in a terminal window or click on K, Applications, Advanced Editor. To learn more about kwrite, you can click on the Help button from within kwrite.
kedit is a has many of the same features as kwrite but without the language sensitive knowledge. You may find it easier to use or pleasing to the eye. To start kedit you can either simply type kedit in a terminal window or click on K, Applications, Text Editor.
The KDE DVI Viewer gives you many more options than XDVI like quick page control, pan and zoom. It also has the added advantage of "auto reload". So if you have a KDE DVI Viewer open and viewing a DVI file, you can edit and LaTEX (or TEX) your file; then the changes will automatically be displayed in the KDE DVI Viewer. To start the KDE DVI Viewer you can either simply type kdvi in a terminal window or click on K, Graphics, DVI Viewer.
The KDE File Manager is very much like Windows Explorer on Windows machines. All of your files and directories appear as icons. You can simply click on a directory folder icon to look at the files in the directory. You can click on a file and the corresponding application will open that file. You can also "drag and drop" or "cut and paste". To start up the KDE File Manager you can either simply type kfm in a terminal window or click on the File icon located third from the left at the bottom of the screen.
The purpose of a text editor is to create ASCII text files to save, print out, or use as input to a process, like gcc. What you are reading, for example, was composed on a text editor and stored in a text file called econ-user.tex to be used as input to LaTEX. A text editor allows you to type in straight text, change or rearrange the text, and then save it. The text editor is limited in that it cannot beautify the text with underlining or italics or whatever. That kind of text processing is left to document processing utilities like LaTeX.
There are two main editors available through KDE: kwrite and kedit.
kwrite is known as the advanced editor. It has lots of options with color, indenting and application specific tags. For example, kwrite knows about the following languages: C, C++, HTML and PERL. It will automatically indent and color code your source file for you for easier reading. You can also customize kwrite to learn about other languages. To start kwrite you can either simply type kwrite in a terminal window or click on K, Applications, Advanced Editor. To learn more about kwrite, you can click on the Help button from within kwrite.
kedit is a has many of the same features as kwrite but without the language sensitive knowledge. You may find it easier to use or pleasing to the eye. To start kedit you can either simply type kedit in a terminal window or click on K, Applications, Text Editor.
BEFORE you start a vi session, make sure your keyboard has an escape key (<ESC>).
vi is the ``universal UNIX editor''. Once you learn how to use the vi editor, you can use it on ANY UNIX machine. Now that you are convinced that it is a worth while adventure (notice the word adventure and not venture), you should now try to learn vi. To invoke vi, simply type vi filename, where filename is the name of the ASCII file you would like to edit or new file name you would like to create. The specific key strokes involved to actually use vi can be found in the man pages (man vi). An important thing to remember about vi is, you can't hit the escape key (<ESC>) enough. Good luck learning vi, you'll need it!
Here is a brief description of groups of vi commands and their functions:
Paging Commands
<CTRL/F> Pages forward one screen.
<CTRL/B> Pages back one screen.
<CTRL/D> Pages down half screen.
<CTRL/U> Pages up half screen.
Cursor Positioning Commands
arrows Moves cursor in the direction of the arrow
<RETURN> Moves cursor to beginning of next line.
0 Moves cursor to beginning of current line.
$ Moves cursor to end of current line.
<SPACE> Moves cursor forward one character.
/pattern Moves cursor forward to next occurrence of "pattern"
?pattern Moves cursor backward to next occurrence of "pattern"
n Repeats last / or ? pattern search.
:n Moves to line number n
Text Insertion Commands
i Inserts text before cursor. Terminated by <ESC>.
o Opens new line below the current line for text inser-
tion. Terminated by <ESC>.
<ESC> Stops text insertion.
Text Deletion Commands
dw Deletes current word.
x Deletes current character.
dd Deletes current line.
P Puts back text from the previous delete.
Buffer Usage Commands
n yy Yanks n lines to the buffer. Default is current
line. When a line is Yanked, it copies the line
to a buffer and leaves the original lines within
the text file.
n p Puts n yanked text lines from the buffer, after
the cursor.
Exiting vi
:wq Writes changes to current file and quits edit session.
:q Quits edit session (no changes made).
Once you start editing a file using vi (vi filename), you can use the cursor movement and paging commands to move around your file. You can also use the text delete and buffer commands to remove or move pieces around.
When you want to insert text, you MUST type "i". When you are done inserting text, you MUST hit the escape key. If you try using the arrows keys or other cursor movement commands, and have not hit the escape key when inserting, you will get funny characters in your file. So try to remember you MUST start inserting and MUST stop inserting text!
When you are done editing your file, simply type ":wq", to write and quit the vi session.
I have NOT placed ALL the vi commands in the above table, just the most commonly used ones. Please read the manual pages (man vi) for a complete list on vi functions.
EMACS is a very popular full screen editor available in many UNIX environments. To start EMACS, simply type emacs. EMACS is a "smart" editor. It knows about many programming languages like C and LaTEX. It can be customized using colors and indentations to make your code more easy to read. To get more information on EMACS, read the man page (man emacs).
Two simple text editors are xedit and pico. You can start them by typing either xedit or pico followed by the name of the file you wish to edit or create.
xedit is a very simple window editor. It has very few pull down menu options and a very small set of keystroke options. It is easy to learn though. Please read the man page for more help (man xedit).
pico is the editor based on the editor available through the email reader client, pine. If you are already familiar with pine, pico will be very easy for you to learn. pico has some pull down menu options, as well as some keystroke options. It's in between the very terse vi editor and the Graphical editor emacs. Please read the man page for more help (man pico).
Document processing is the process of producing high quality text for purposes of presentation or in scientific papers. This high quality text output is designed to display your information in a professional "type-set" view.
LaTeX is a document preparation system which is a simplified sub-system of a text formatting utility called TeX . LaTeX produces high-quality typesetting, preparing documents that look like a book. This manual was prepared using LaTeX. A distinct advantage of LaTeX over other preparation systems is its ability to handle scientific equations. LaTex is used quite heavily throughout Yale.
To use LaTeX one first must have a text file created on an editor like vi. The text file should have ".tex" as its extension. Special commands must be placed in the text itself in order to signal printing specifications. The documentation of the special commands can be found in the LaTeX Reference Manual as well as the TexBook (the LaTeX Manual is recommended). Below is an example of the simplest text file that can be submitted to LaTeX. Using this format will allow you to prepare a simple paragraph using LaTeX. As you try to do more complicated things, you will need to learn more commands.
\documentstyle{article}
\begin{document}
Whatever text you want here.
\end{document}
Note that the LaTeX commands are preceded by a backslash. Also, note that every file must have the begin and end commands surrounding the text. The documentstyle command is in the so-called "preamble" (before the text) and is just one of many such commands, concerning format, that can go there.
Once the file is ready for processing, type latex filename.tex at the system prompt. This invocation should create two new files, filename.aux and filename.dvi. The .dvi file holds the LaTeX creation (dvi stands for device-independent).
In an effort to save paper and the printer, look at the final version of the document on a workstation screen before actually printing. To display the .dvi file, one must be on the workstation terminal. Once on the correct terminal, enter xdvi filename, which is short for device independent display. This command will create a graphics window showing the document as it would appear on paper. The display is actually an Xwindow application with buttons to click on that move forward, backward, etc. Also, some scroll bars appear on the top and sides of the display to move around the page. Next you will probably want to get a hardcopy of your document. You can make a Postscript file to send to a Postscript printer. If you would like to use one of the Postscript printers, simply type dvips filename. This creates a postscript file called filename.ps, that you can send to a postscript printer, see section Printing. Other, related versions of LaTeX are also available. These include bibtex, for creating Bibliographies, amstex from the American Mathematical Society for doing advanced equations, and slitex for creating slides. Please read the man pages for further descriptions.
The KDE DVI Viewer gives you many more options than XDVI like quick page control, pan and zoom. It also has the added advantage of "auto reload". So if you have a KDE DVI Viewer open and viewing a DVI file, you can edit and LaTEX (or TEX) your file; then the changes will automatically be displayed in the KDE DVI Viewer. To start the KDE DVI Viewer you can either simply type kdvi in a terminal window or click on K, Graphics, DVI Viewer.
Star Office is owned by Sun Microsystems and is intended as a possible alternative to MicroSoft Office. Star Office has a spread sheet, document processor, etc. Star Office has it's own internal format for saving documents, but it can also read and write MicroSoft Office format documents. The ability to read and write MicroSoft documents is very handy for when someone sends you an email attachment or you wish to send someone else an email attachment.
You must first setup Star Office before you can start to use it. Instructions for setting up Star Office can be found here: http://wss.yale.edu/probs/yale_visitor.php3?sid=2883&v_func=zoom
Help on using Star Office is available by clicking on the help menu from within Star Office.
To use the Adobe Acrobat Reader to view Portable Document Files (PDF), simple type acroread filename, where filename is the name of the PDF file you wish to view.
To convert a PDF file called sample.pdf to a Postscript file called sample.ps simply type the following:
cat sample.pdf | acroread -toPostScript > sample.ps
Please see the section Reading Acrobat (PDF) files from within netscape.
To send a file to the printer, use the lpr command. To look at the printer queue, use the lpq command. To remove a job from the printer queue, first use lpq to get the entry number, then use the lprm command followed by the entry number. Here is an example of how to send a file to the printer, look at the printer queue, then delete the file from the queue (NOTE: in the example I use the entry number 24. You MUST use the entry number for YOUR job, gotten from lpq):
lpr myplot.ps
lpq
lprm 24
The default printer is the Dunham Lab 120 LaserJet printer. If you wish to use another printer, you have to use the -Pprintername option with the lpq and lpr commands. Here is a list of the other printers:
printername Printer bc302lj Becton 302 Laserjet dl120clj Dunham Color Laserjet secflw SECF Printer
You should read the man pages for lpr, lpq and lprm for more options and help.
The most common method of transferring files on the InterNET is though File Transfer Protocol or ftp. This method is insecure in that your username, password and data all go over the InterNET in clear text. So someone may be able to acquire your username and password. Therefore ftp is disabled in EIT, although I will explain it's usage below.
The method for transferring files over the InterNET is by using the scp or sftp commands. scp or Secure Copy encrypts your username, password, and data. The use of scp is much like the UNIX copy command cp. So in general you would use, scp sourcefile destinationfile. Since scp goes from one host to another you must include a username and hostname in either the sourcefile or destinationfile. Please read the man page for more help on scp (man scp). Here are some examples:
scp smith@sunshine.yale.edu:/home/smith/prog.c .
scp resume.txt smith@sunshine.yale.edu:/home/grad/smith/
Another method of securely transferring files between hosts is the sftp or Secure FTP command. sftp is much like ftp in that it allows you to log onto a remote site and "put" and "get" files. To use sftp you simply type sftp username@remotehost. Please read the man page for more help on sftp (man sftp). You can also type help for a list of commands once you start sftp. Here is an example:
sftp jones@cloudy.yale.edu
Not all sites on the InterNET are running these Secure Shell services. If you need to upload or download to a site that is not running Secure Shell (scp or sftp) you will have to use ncftp. Please keep in mind that when you use ncftp your username, password and data are all transferring over the InterNET as plain text that anyone can read if they are "sniffing" the communication. To use ncftp you simply type ncftp username@remotehost. Please read the man page for more help on ftp (man ncftp). You can also type help for a list of commands once you start ncftp. Here is an example:
ncftp washington@whitehouse.gov
The recommended method of transferring files to and from a Windows PC and the Linux machines it to use SSH2 for Windows. If you are currently using a Windows machine that is on the Yale network, or modem from home, and wish to transfer files to/from a Linux machine, you should use SSH2 for Windows.
You'll need to install SSH2 for Windows on your machine. First download the self extracting zip file: ftp://ftp.wss.yale.edu/pub/POWER_TOOLS/SSH/Windows/SSHWin-2.4.0-pl2.exe. Now just execute the file to install SSH2 for Windows.
SSH2 for Windows not only lets you connect securely to the Linux machines, you can also upload and download files to and from your PC. Click on "SSH Secure Shell Client". Click on File, then Connect. Fill the the host, username and password information of the machine you wish to connect to.
Now to transfer files, click on Window, then New File Transfer. This opens a second window showing you all your files on the machine you just connected to. You can then highlight one of these files, click on Operation and Download the file to the PC.
You may also wish to upload files from the PC to the host you just connected to. To upload files to the host you just connected to, click on Operation, then Upload. A window will appear with the files that are on the PC. You can then highlight and upload the files you want to.
Another method of transferring files from a Windows machine is to use the Pantheon as an interface. You can upload and download to the Pantheon using ftp, then use scp to upload and download to one of the hosts in EIT.
A third method is to "map a network drive" to your Windows desktop. The network drive that you'll map is your home directory on the departmental server, jove. You'll need to log into the WindowsNT domain YALE to use this option. Your local EIT Linux username must match your Pantheon NetID. If they are different, please send email to requests-eng@wss.yale.edu requesting your local EIT Linux username be changed to match your Pantheon NetID. This must be done for the mapping of the network drive to work. Please see section Submitting Questions and Problems.
Before you start you may have to sychronize your Pantheon Unix and WindowsNT passwords. If you know that your Pantheon Unix password is the same as your YALE WindowsNT password, then skip to the next paragraph. If you have never logged into the YALE WindowsNT domain, or aren't sure, you'll have to synchronize your Pantheon Unix and WindowsNT passwords. Just visit http://www.yale.edu/password and scroll down to the section that says synchronize passwords.
To map a network drive simply do the following:
Right click on "My Computer"
Click on "Map Network Drive..."
A dialog box will pop up..
Drive: F: (just chooses the next available letter)
Path: \\jove.eng.yale.edu\NetID (replace NetID with Your NetID)
Connect As: NetID (replace NetID with Your NetID)
x Reconnect at Logon (check off if you want this done at boot time)
OK
If it asks for a password, it's your Pantheon password NOT your EIT one
If you already have logged into the YALE WindowsNT domain, then you will not
be asked for a password. This is easy to do from a WindowsNT machine.
Windows9x machines may not have the option set to log into a domain. In this
case you should use your Pantheon password when asked for a password.
If you need help setting this up, please send email to: requests-eng@wss.yale.edu. Please see section Submitting Questions and Problems.
The last method is to purchase a copy of Secure Shell that has Secure Copy options from a company called DataFellows. I believe the current price is about 50 dollars. You should check out their web site for pricing, information and demo versions. You can visit DataFellows at: http://datafellows.com/
The most common method of connecting to remote hosts on the InterNET is though telnet. This method is insecure in that your username, password and data all go over the InterNET in clear text. So someone may be able to acquire your username and password. Therefore telnet is disabled in the EIT, although I will explain it's usage below.
The method of logging on a remote host is by using ssh or Secure Shell. To use Secure Shell you simply type ssh -l username remotehost. If your username is the same on the local system you can omit the -l username option. Please read the man page for more help on ssh (man ssh). Here is an example:
ssh -l jordan chicago.bulls.org
Not all sites on the InterNET are running this Secure Shell service. If you need to connect to a site that is not running Secure Shell (ssh) you will have to use telnet. Please keep in mind that when you use telnet your username, password and data are all transferring over the InterNET as plain text that anyone can read if they are "sniffing" the communication. To use telnet you simply type telnet remotehost. Please read the man page for more help on telnet (man telnet). Here is an example:
telnet letsgomets.com
One method of connecting from a Windows machine is to use the Pantheon as an interface. You can connect to the Pantheon using telnet, then use ssh to connect to one of the hosts in EIT.
A second method is to install SSH2 for Windows. You can download SSH2 here: ftp://ftp.wss.yale.edu/pub/POWER_TOOLS/SSH/Windows/SSHWin-2.4.0-pl2.exe. Simply run this self extracting zip file and it will install SSH2 for Windows on your PC. SSH2 for Windows not only lets you connect securely to the Linux machines, you can also upload and download files to and from your PC. Click on "SSH Secure Shell Client". Click on File, then Connect. Fill the the host, username and password information of the machine you wish to connect to.
If you need help setting this up, please send email to: requests-eng@wss.yale.edu. Please see section Submitting Questions and Problems.
The last method is to purchase a copy of Secure Shell company called DataFellows. I believe the current price is about 50 dollars. You should check out their web site for pricing, information and demo versions. You can visit DataFellows at: http://datafellows.com/
There is no email server, for security reasons, in EIT. You'll have to use the Pantheon system for your email. You should have an email alias set up for you of the form firstname.lastname@yale.edu. This is the email address you should use.
The two most popular mail clients for reading and sending email are pine and netscape messenger. These two programs have lots of internal help so I won't go into there usage here. To use one of them, simply type pine or netscape. Both pine and netscape can handle attachments. You can save and send attachments using either mail client. pine is a screen email client and is probably more popular than netscape, which has a Graphical User Interface. netscape mail will be easier to learn and use by most people since you're probably used to using netscape already.
You can learn more about pine and netscape configuration, use and tips by visiting the Yale Email web site at: http://www.yale.edu/email/email.html
You should use some common sense and email etiquette when sending attachments. If you have a large file that you would like to share with people, you should post it on the Departments anonymous ftp site and just tell people to come and download it at their leisure.
If you would like to know about the mailing lists available, as well as more information about the program handling the mailing lists, called mailman; just visit: http://jove.eng.yale.edu/mailman/listinfo
I'm sure you've heard of the Information Super-highway, or possibly the World Wide Web. If you would like to "surf" through these resources, you'll need to know about the Web Browser. The Web Browser installed on the Linux systems is netscape. To start up netscape, simply type netscape.
Sometimes you'll run across a PDF files when you are browsing the web. By default, netscape will save the PDF file to disk. If you wish to have netscape open the Acrobat reader for you automatically, you must set this up. First execute the following command:
/opt/Acrobat4/Browsers/netscape
(use the default directory locations)
Next you'll have to set up your netscape browser to tell it to start up the Acrobat reader when ever you click on a PDF file. Here's how you do it:
1. Start Netscape
2. Choose Preferences from the Edit Menu
3. Turn down the arrow next to the section named "Navigator" by clicking on
it. Then select the section named "Applications".
4. Look for a section named "Portable Document Format". If you don't see this,
add the section by clicking on the "Add" button. For Description, type:
Portable Document Format
For Mime type, type:
application/pdf
for extension, type:
pdf
In the Handled by section, click "Application", then select "acroread %s".
5. Click OK
6. Click OK again.
There are web sites at Yale that have restricted access and only allow machines that have a Yale IP name and number access them. The section on the EIT web server that contains documentation (this document for example) can only be accessed by a Yale machine. This is even the case if you have a local dialup Internet Service Provider like AOL.
There is a proxy web server at Yale that will allow you to access these restricted sites even if you don't have a Yale IP. All you need is a Pantheon account and NetID. The proxy web server is copy.its.yale.edu:8080. Instructions for using the proxy server with Netscape and Internet Explorer are online here: http://www.library.yale.edu/pubstation/proxy/proxy.html
There is a web server running on the Engineering server. To view the department's Home Page please use the following URL: http://www.eng.yale.edu/
If you wish to establish your own Home Page at Yale, I would suggest first try using the Yale Web Server.
You can use Netscape Composer to create pages if you don't know HTML. Simply start Netscape, click on Communicator, then Composer. You should save the files in your html subdirectory and make sure they have a ".html" as the filename extension.
You may wish to have a username and password for people to access certain web pages. You'll need to create a .htaccess file in the directory you wish to protect. You'll have to use the htpasswd command to create and add to your password file. Here is what a sample .htaccess file would look like for Grad student smith that wants to password protect ~smith/html/mystuff:
AuthName "My Stuff to Protect" AuthType Basic AuthUserFile /home/grad/smith/html/mystuff/.mypasswd require valid-userIn this example, the password file is called .mypasswd. It can be any name you wish. What ever name you choose for a password file, it must match the name in the .htaccess file.
Now smith wants to allow three users (smith jones wife) to have access to the web pages in this directory. He should now use the htpasswd command to first create the file and add the first user, then add the other two users. Here is how you do it:
htpasswd -c /home/grad/smith/html/mystuff/.mypasswd smith
now type in smith's web page password twice
htpasswd /home/grad/smith/html/mystuff/.mypasswd jones
now type in jones's web page password twice
htpasswd /home/grad/smith/html/mystuff/.mypasswd wife
now type in wife's web page password twice
Note that you only use the "-c" switch the first time, which creates the
password file for you. Also note that these usernames and passwords are
items that you choose. They do not have to be valid usernames and
passwords on the Linux system. In fact if you choose your own username
you should choose a different password than the one you use to log in.
Sometimes data and text files can get quite large. Most Postscript files occupy a lot of disk space, for example. You may want to pack these large ASCII files into a smaller space. Use one of the following methods:
The compress/uncompress utilities are the standard method of packing files. To compress a file simply type compress filename, where filename is the name of the file you want to compress. You will then have a file called filename.Z where filename is the name of the file you just compressed.
To unpack a compressed file simply type uncompress filename.Z.
If you want to package up an entire directory you would first use tar to create a tar file, then compress the tar file to compress it. Here's an example:
tar cf mydir.tar dir-tree-to-archive
compress mydir.tar
where mydir.tar is the name of the tar file to create
dir-tree-to-archive is the name of the subdirectory you want to archive
gzip is the GNU-zip utility for packing files. To pack a file simply type gzip filename, where filename is the name of the file that you want to compress. This will create a file called filename.gz.
To unpack the gzipped file simply type gzip -d filename.gz
If you want to package up an entire directory you would first use tar to create a tar file, then gzip the tar file to compress it. Here's an example:
tar cf mydir.tar dir-tree-to-archive
gzip mydir.tar
where mydir.tar is the name of the tar file to create
dir-tree-to-archive is the name of the subdirectory you want to archive
You can use zip and unzip for packing and unpacking files. These are compatible with the Windows version of zip. To pack a file simply type zip filename, where filename is the name of the file that you want to compress. This will create a file called filename.zip.
To unpack the zipped file simply type unzip filename.zip
If you want to package up an entire directory you would first use tar to create a tar file, then zip the tar file to compress it. Here's an example:
tar cf mydir.tar dir-tree-to-archive
zip mydir.tar
where mydir.tar is the name of the tar file to create
dir-tree-to-archive is the name of the subdirectory you want to archive
Disk Quotas are enabled on the Linux systems. This means you have limit set on the amount of disk space your files can occupy on the server. To find out what your quota is simply type quota. You'll see columns called "blocks", "quota" and "limit". "blocks" is your current disk usage; "quota" is your soft quota limit, which you can exceed for up to 7 days; "limit" is your hard limit, which means your total disk usage can NEVER exceed your "limit".
If programs start acting funny or simply die, try checking to see if you have exceeded your "quota" and/or "limit".
The initial assigning of quota limit is 100 megabytes. All reasonable requests for disk quota increases should be forwarded to requests-eng@wss.yale.edu for processing.
An incremental backup of all newly created files is performed every evening at about 8pm. This is done through the ADSM package installed on the departmental server, jove. You can learn more about ADSM and even sign up an individual machine (students can NOT apply for ADSM backups) by visiting: http://www.yale.edu/adsm
To use a CD you should first mount it. First open the CD tray, insert the CD, and close the CD tray. Next type:
mount /mnt/cdrom
When you are down using the CD, please remember to unmount it.
umount /mnt/cdromOnce you have unmounted the CD, you can eject the CD tray and remove the CD.
The Dell machines (eit007-10) have 250 Megabyte ZIP drives. To use a ZIP disk you should first mount it. First insert the Zip disk. Next type:
mount /mnt/zip
When you are down using the ZIP disk, please remember to unmount it.
umount /mnt/zipOnce you have unmounted the ZIP disk , you can eject it by pushing the eject button.